Dna Extraction Kit

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Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a molecular marker technique widely used in microbes and plant science. DNA fragments from PCR amplification of random segments of genomic DNA with single primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence and which are able to differentiate between genetically distinct individuals, although not necessarily in a reproducible way. RAPD stands for random amplification of polymorphic DNA. It is a type of PCR reaction, but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers (8-12 nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns a semi- unique profile can be gleaned from a RAPD reaction. No knowledge of the DNA sequence for the targeted gene is required as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence but it is not certain exactly where. This makes the method popular for comparing the DNA of biological systems that have not had the attention of the scientific community or in a system in which relatively few DNA sequences are compared (it is not suitable for forming a DNA databank). Due to the fact that it relies on a large intact DNA template sequence, it has some limitations in the use degraded DNA samples. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted species-specific DNA comparison methods such as short tandem repeats. In recent years RAPD is used to characterize and trace the phylogeny of diverse microbes, plant and animal species. RAPD markers offer quick screening of different regions of the genome for genetic polymorphisms.

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RNA has the tendency to form both secondary and tertiary structures that can Impede its separation by electrophoresis. As such, identical species of RNA exhibiting varying degrees of intramolecular base-pairing, migrate at different rates and result in the smearing of distinct RNA molecules. Consequently, the electrophoresis of RNA needs to be performed under denaturing conditions. Heat denaturing the RNA sample prior to electrophoresis is insufficient, as secondary structures will simply reform unless a denaturing system is used.